Default arguments must appear to the right of any non-default arguments in a function’s parameter list. When calling a function with two or more default arguments, if an omitted argument is not the rightmost argument in the argument list, all arguments to the right of that argument also must be omitted.
Python arguments are always passed by object reference—the function receives references to the values passed as arguments. In practice, pass-by-object-reference can be thought of as a combination of pass-by-value and pass-by-reference. If a function receives a reference to a mutable object (e.g., a dictionary or a list), the function can modify the original value of the object. It is as if the object had been passed by reference. If a function receives a reference to an immutable object (e.g., a number, a string or a tuple, whose elements are immutable values), the function cannot modify the original object directly. It is as if the object had been passed by value.
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